Open Access

Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xiaoxiao Zhang
    • Xueying Ge
    • Tinghan Jiang
    • Ruming Yang
    • Sijie Li
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 28, 2022     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
  • Article Number: 95
  • Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy. Due to the absence of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors and the lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, TNBC responds poorly to endocrine and targeted therapies. As a neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy is usually the only option for TNBC; however, chemotherapy may induce tumor resistance. The emergence of immunotherapy as an adjuvant therapy is expected to make up for the deficiency of chemotherapy. Most of the research on immunotherapies has been performed on advanced metastatic TNBC, which has provided significant clinical benefits. In the present review, possible immunotherapy targets and ongoing immunotherapy strategies were discussed. In addition, progress in research on immune checkpoint inhibitors in early TNBC was outlined.
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August-2022
Volume 61 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Ge X, Jiang T, Yang R and Li S: Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 61: 95, 2022
APA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., & Li, S. (2022). Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 61, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
MLA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61.2 (2022): 95.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61, no. 2 (2022): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385