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Review Open Access

Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xiaoxiao Zhang
    • Xueying Ge
    • Tinghan Jiang
    • Ruming Yang
    • Sijie Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 95
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    Published online on: June 28, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
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Abstract

Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous and aggressive malignancy. Due to the absence of estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors and the lack of overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, TNBC responds poorly to endocrine and targeted therapies. As a neoadjuvant therapy, chemotherapy is usually the only option for TNBC; however, chemotherapy may induce tumor resistance. The emergence of immunotherapy as an adjuvant therapy is expected to make up for the deficiency of chemotherapy. Most of the research on immunotherapies has been performed on advanced metastatic TNBC, which has provided significant clinical benefits. In the present review, possible immunotherapy targets and ongoing immunotherapy strategies were discussed. In addition, progress in research on immune checkpoint inhibitors in early TNBC was outlined.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Ge X, Jiang T, Yang R and Li S: Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 61: 95, 2022.
APA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., & Li, S. (2022). Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 61, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
MLA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61.2 (2022): 95.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61, no. 2 (2022): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Ge X, Jiang T, Yang R and Li S: Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 61: 95, 2022.
APA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., & Li, S. (2022). Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 61, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
MLA
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61.2 (2022): 95.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Ge, X., Jiang, T., Yang, R., Li, S."Research progress on immunotherapy in triple‑negative breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 61, no. 2 (2022): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2022.5385
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