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Introduction

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, predominantly from cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (1). The prognosis for lung cancer is poor, particularly in the advanced stages (2,3). To select the most effective therapeutic strategy, prognostic assessment is required (4). Although there are diverse clinical indicators for prognostic evaluation, patients with cancer who exhibit similar clinical features nonetheless may experience markedly different clinical outcomes. With the recent development of gene profiling techniques, including microRNA (miRNA) microarrays and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), novel molecular biomarkers may be used as prognostic factors in addition to traditional clinical characteristics (5–7).

miRNAs comprise a class of noncoding small RNAs that participate in various biological processes. Usually, miRNAs function at the post-transcriptional level and regulate hundreds of target mRNAs, thus serving various roles in biological functions, including tumorigenesis and cancer progression (8). miRNA expression profiles have been identified in various tissues and diseases. Furthermore, miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of various diseases (9–13).

A miRNA signature containing five miRNAs (miR-221, let-7a, miR-137, miR-372 and miR-182) was previously reported to be associated with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with early stage NSCLC, following examination of frozen specimens subsequent to surgical resection (14). Another miRNA signature comprising four miRNAs (miR-486, miR-30d, miR-1 and miR-499) in serum has been reported to be associated with outcome in early stage NSCLC (15). However, whether the above miRNAs can predict the clinical outcome of advanced stage NSCLC remains unknown. In addition, the correlation between tissue and serum miRNA expression remains to be elucidated.

To investigate these problems, the present study detected the aforementioned miRNAs in serum, in order to analyze their association with survival. Furthermore, the serum miRNAs associated with PFS were detected in paired tissue samples, to determine the expression correlation. Finally, the present study attempted to verify the functions of relevant miRNAs in vitro.

Materials and methods

Patient enrollment and sample processing

The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tongji Medical Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Wuhan, China). All participants provided written informed consent to participate in the present study, and the ethics committee approved this consent procedure. Serum miRNAs were detected from 68 consecutive patients enrolled between December 2012 and May 2013 at the Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The final follow-up was in December 2013. The median time of follow-up was 256 days. All of the patients were first pathologically confirmed to suffer from locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC, and developed progressive disease during follow-up. Due to the high censor rate, OS statistics were not calculated. Fresh tissue specimens were obtained from 24 patients using computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy, and were paired with the corresponding patient's serum, in order to analyze the correlation between the two sample types. Following admission into hospital, a 5 ml peripheral blood sample was collected into a gold-top serum-separating tube. The lung cancer subtypes were authenticated by the Pathology Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, according to the World Health Organization classification (16). The evaluation after treatment was performed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Version 1.1 (17). The objective tumor response was evaluated every 6–8 weeks. Clinical data were retrieved from the electronic medical records database of the Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

miRNA isolation and quantification

The serum specimens were incubated at room temperature for 30 min-2 h and were centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 15 min at 4°C. Subsequently, the samples were dispensed into Eppendorf tubes and were stored at −80°C until further use. Serum total RNA was isolated using the mirVana™ PARIS™ kit (Ambion; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). Based on reports that there are no favorable stably expressed genes in serum, a synthetic Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA (cel-miR-39; 5′-UCACCGGGUGUAAAUCAGCUUG-3′; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China) was selected as a control gene, of which 25 fmol was added after the addition of denaturing solution to each sample in the serum miRNA isolation procedure (18,19).

Fresh tissue specimens were immediately transferred into RNAlater RNA Stabilization Reagent (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA) after being obtained and were stored at −80°C. The tissue samples were homogenized prior to RNA extraction. The E.Z.N.A®. Total RNA kit II (Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, USA) was used to extract total RNA from the tissue, and small nuclear U6 RNA was used for normalization.

RT was performed on total RNA using a stem-loop RT primer (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.; Table I), and the TaqMan microRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The total reaction volume (15 µl) was incubated in a TProfessional Basic Thermocycler (Biometra GmbH, Göttingen, Germany). qPCR was performed using the SYBR® Select Master Mix (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the Step One Plus system (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). A volume of 2 µl diluted reverse transcription product was mixed with 10 µl SYBR Select Master Mix (2X; Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), 0.8 µl forward and reverse primers (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and 6.4 µl nuclease-free water to a final volume of 20 µl. All reactions were performed in triplicate under the following thermal cycling conditions: 50°C For 2 min and 95°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 3 sec and 60°C for 30 sec.

Table I Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers.

Table I

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction primers.

Gene	Primer sequence (5′–3′)
hsa-miR-1	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACATACATGGCAGGTGGAATGTAAAGAAGT R CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT
hsa-let-7a-5p	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACAACTATGGTCGTGAGGTAGTAGGTTGTA R CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT
hsa-miR-30d-5p	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACCTTCCACCTGTGTAAACATCCCCGAC R CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT
hsa-miR-221-3p	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACGAAACCGGGAGCTACATTGTCTGCTGG R CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT
hsa-miR-499a-5p	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACAAACATCGGTGCTTAAGACTTGCAGTGA R CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTAT
hsa-miR-486-5p	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACCTCGGGCGTCCTGTACTGAGCTGCC R GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT
cel-miR-39	RT GTCGTATCCAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATAC F GACCAAGCTGCGGTCACCGGGTGTAAATC R GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT
U6	RT CGAATTTGCGTGTCATCCT F CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACATA R CGAATTTGCGTGTCATCCT

[i] miR, microRNA; RT, reverse transcription; F, forward; R, reverse.

Cell culture and transfection

The H358 and PC9 human lung cancer cell lines were obtained from the Laboratory of the Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

The hsa-mir-221-3p mimic, hsa-mir-221-3p inhibitor, hsa-mir-486-5p mimic and hsa-mir-486-5p inhibitor were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.. Cells were plated to 50% confluence in each well, and were transfected with 50 nM mimic or mimic negative control (mimic NC), or with 100 nM inhibitor or inhibitor NC using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) in Opti-MEM (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

MTT assay

The viable cell numbers were measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The H358 and PC9 cells were seeded at a density of 5×103 cells/well in 96-well plates, and were transfected with miR-221 mimic, miR-221 inhibitor, miR-486 mimic, miR-486 inhibitor, mimic NC or inhibitor NC. The cells were incubated for 24, 48 or 72 h post-transfection. The MTT assay was conducted according to the manufacturer's protocol. A total of 20 µl MTT (5 mg/ml) was added to each well, and the plates were incubated for 4 h at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO2. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded, and 200 µl dimethyl sulfoxide was added to each well, in order to dissolve the formazan. The optical density was evaluated by measuring the absorbance of each well at 570 nm using a spectrophotometer (M450; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). All experiments were performed in triplicate.

Wound healing assay

The H358 and PC9 cells (~5×105) suspended in 2 ml complete medium (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) were seeded into 6-well plates, and cell confluence reached ~80% 24 h post-transfection. A scratch was created by drawing a straight line in each well using a 200-µl pipette tip. Any debris was washed off using phosphate-buffered saline. The 6-well plates were then incubated in serum-free medium for 24 h, and subsequently three fields were randomly picked from each scratch wound and analyzed at 200× magnification (CKX41; Olympus Corporation). The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Transwell migration and invasion assay

The H358 and PC9 cells were resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium 24 h post-transfection. For the transwell migration assay, 4×104 seeded H358 cells (200 µl) or 2×104 seeded PC9 cells (200 µl) were plated in the top chamber with the non-coated membrane (24-well insert; pore size, 8 µm; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). For the invasion assay, cells were plated in the top chamber with extracellular matrix gel (Sigma-Aldrich)-coated membranes (24-well insert; pore size, 8 µm; BD Biosciences). The lower regions were filled with 800 µl RPMI 1640 containing 20% FBS as a chemoattractant. Following a 24 h incubation, the cells on the upper surface of the membrane were removed with a cotton swab. The cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with methyl alcohol for 20 min, and were stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 15 min. The number of invading cells was counted in three randomly selected visual fields using a microscope (CKX41; Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) at 200× magnification. The experiments were performed in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

The RT-qPCR data were analyzed using the comparative quantification cycle (Cq) method. Standard curves were created prior to analysis of the specimens. The correlation coefficients were >0.995, and the amplification efficiencies were in the range of 1±20%. The expression level of each miRNA was classified according to the median relative quantification measured by 2−ΔΔCq (ΔCq=CqmiRNA expression − Cqcontrol expression) (20). During the pre-experiment, three (miR-137, miR-182, and miR-372) of the nine miRNAs exhibited unstable or undetermined expression in serum; therefore, these three miRNAs were not analyzed.

A cross-validation method was used to investigate the value of the miRNAs for predicting PFS. The 68 serum specimens were randomly assigned to a training set (n=34; used to establish a model) or a testing set (n=34; used to verify the model). In the training set, a risk score formula was established based on a linear combination of the miRNA expression level weighted by the regression coefficient derived from a univariate Cox regression analysis. Student's t-test and Chi-squared test were used to evaluate the differences in clinical characteristics. The risk score was calculated as follows: Risk score = (−0.918 × miR-1 expression level) + (1.336 × miR-30d expression level) + (0.864 × miR-221 expression level) + (−0.712 × miR-486 expression level). Patients with higher risk scores were expected to have shorter PFS.

According to the risk score, a receiver operating characteristics analysis was used to determine a cutoff point (0.518) with an area under the curve of 0.877 (the sensitivity was 0.941, and the specificity was 0.706). Hence, the patients in the training set were divided into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. The same statistical models were applied to the testing set and the combined set. Survival differences between the high-risk and low-risk groups were estimated using a Kaplan-Meier analysis and 2-sided log-rank tests. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to assess the independent contributions of the risk score and clinicopathological characteristics to survival prediction.

To analyze the correlation between serum and tissue miRNAs, the four survival-associated miRNAs were detected in 24 fresh tissue samples paired with 24 serum samples. In the pre-experiment, the expression of miR-1 was undetermined; therefore, three miRNAs were ultimately tested. A Pearson analysis was used to test the correlation.

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). All experiments were performed in triplicate. All tests were two-tailed, and P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

Detection of serum miRNAs in the training set

Six miRNAs were detected in the training set serum specimens (n=34), and a Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to each of the six miRNAs to determine the PFS-associated miRNA signature. Four of the miRNAs were identified to be associated with PFS. Subsequently, a signature was constructed using the risk score method. As shown in Table II, two miRNAs (miR-1 and miR-486) were revealed to be protective, whereas the other two (miR-30d and miR-221) were identified as risk factors (Table II).

Table II Univariate Cox regression analysis of the training set.

Table II

Univariate Cox regression analysis of the training set.

miRNA	Univariate Cox regression analysis
	β	HR	95% CI	P
hsa-miR-1	−0.918	0.4	0.197–0.809	0.011
hsa-let-7a-5p	0.345	1.412	0.698–2.860	0.337
hsa-miR-30d-5p	1.338	3.812	1.655–8.781	0.002
hsa-miR-221-3p	0.846	2.331	1.122–4.846	0.023
hsa-miR-499a-5p	0.242	1.274	0.633–2.565	0.498
hsa-miR-486-5p	−0.712	0.491	0.242–0.997	0.049

[i] miR, microRNA; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Four-miRNA signature and patient survival in the training set

The risk score formula was used to calculate the risk score in the training set, and to divide the set into a high-risk group and a low-risk group according to a cutoff value. Patients in the high-risk group had a shorter PFS compared with those in the low-risk group: 85 days vs. 228 days (P<0.001; Fig. 1A and B). The patients in the high-risk and low-risk groups exhibited similar clinical characteristics (Table III).

Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier analysis of serum specimens. Patients were stratified into a high-risk group and a low-risk group according to a risk score formula. (A) With a cutoff point of 0.518, the risk score formula exhibited a higher diagnostic efficacy, with a sensitivity of 0.941 and a specificity of 0.706. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the (B) training set, (C) testing set and (D) combined set indicated that the high-risk group had a shorter PFS compared with that of the low-risk group. AUC, area under curve.

Table III Clinical characteristics in the training set, testing set and combined set.

Table III

Clinical characteristics in the training set, testing set and combined set.

Characteristic	High risk	Low risk	P
Training set	21	13
Age	57.81±7.369	54.69±9.187	0.283a
Gender
Male	17	8
Female	4	5	0.254b
Smoking status
No	11	8
Yes	10	5	0.728b
Pathology
Adenocarcinoma	18	10
Squamous carcinoma	3	3	0.653b
Clinical stage
IIIb	2	2
IV	19	11	0.627b
Testing set	21	13
Age	60.19±10.186	63.23±8.584	0.377a
Gender
Male	14	8
Female	7	5	1.000b
Smoking status
No	10	5
Yes	11	8	0.728b
Pathology
Adenocarcinoma	19	11
Squamous carcinoma	2	2	0.627b
Clinical stage
IIIb	3	2
IV	18	11	1.000b
Combined	42	26
Age	59.00±8.859	58.96±9.739	0.987a
Gender
Male	31	16
Female	11	10	0.418b
Smoking status
No	21	13
Yes	21	13	1.000b
Pathology
Adenocarcinoma	37	21
Squamous carcinoma	5	5	0.489b
Clinical stage
IIIb	5	4
IV	37	22	0.723b

a Student's t-test;

b χ² test.

Validation of the four-miRNA signature for survival prediction in the testing and combined set

The same risk-score formula and cutoff value obtained from the training set were used to analyze the testing and combined sets. Following calculation of the risk score, the patients were classified into a high-risk group and a low-risk group. Similar findings were revealed in this analysis; the high-risk group had a shorter PFS compared with that of the low-risk group: 85 Days vs. 151 days in the testing set (P=0.029) and 85 days vs. 176 days (P<0.001) in the combined set (Figs. 1C and D, and 2). The low-risk group exhibited high expression levels of protective miRs and low expression of risk-related miRs, and the high-risk group exhibited low expression levels of protective miRs and high expression of risk-related miRs (Figs. 1C and D, and 2).

Figure 2 A cluster analysis was performed in the training set and testing set. The black line divides the patients into the high-risk and low-risk groups. The low-risk patients exhibited high expression levels of protective miRs and low expression of risk-related miRs, and vice versa. Red, high expression; green, low expression. miR, microRNA.

To investigate whether this serum four-miRNA signature is an independent predictor of PFS, a multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed. The results indicate that the miRNA signature (P<0.001) and smoking status (P=0.037) were significantly associated with PFS (Table IV).

Table IV Cox regression analyses of the combined set.

Table IV

Cox regression analyses of the combined set.

Characteristic	Univariate Cox regression analysis			Multivariate Cox regression analysis
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age	1.012	0.986–1.038	0.378			0.913
Gender	0.584	0.337–1.014	0.054			0.264
Smoking status	1.443	0.860–2.420	0.165	1.760	1.033–2.996	0.037
Pathology	0.772	0.392–1.521	0.454			0.321
Clinical stage	1.061	0.519–2.172	0.870			0.141
Risk score	2.326	1.759–3.172	<0.001	2.545	1.859–3.484	<0.001

[i] HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Correlation between serum and tissue miRNAs

The four miRNAs were subsequently detected in the corresponding fresh tissue specimens; however, miR-1 was expression was undetermined. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relative quantification of the serum and tissue miRNAs. Two of the three miRNAs exhibited correlations between the serum and tissue levels. The correlation coefficients for miR-30d, miR-221 and miR-486 were 0.383 (P=0.065), 0.673 (P=0.001) and 0.685 (P<0.001), respectively (Fig. 3A–C).

Figure 3 Pearson correlation analysis of (A) miR-30d, (B) miR-221 and (C) miR-486 levels between 24 paired tissue and serum specimens. Significant positive correlations were detected between the tissue and serum levels of miR-221 and miR-486. miR-30d exhibited no significant correlation between these levels. miR, microRNA.

Upregulation of miR-221 or downregulation of miR-486 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in lung cancer cells

To study the biological roles of miR-221 and miR-486, transiently transfected H358 and PC9 cell lines were constructed. miR-221 mimic and inhibitor, miR-486 mimic and inhibitor, and mimic NC and inhibitor NC were transfected into the H358 and PC9 cell lines (Fig. 4A).

Figure 4 (A) Transient transfection efficiencies of miR-221 and miR-486 in H358 and PC9 cell lines. (B) Effects of miR-221 and miR-486 on cell proliferation. Transfection with miR-221 mimic or miR-486 inhibitor enhanced cell growth, whereas transfection with miR-221 inhibitor or miR-486 mimic decreased cell proliferation. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

Using the MTT assay, the effects of miR-221 and miR-486 on the lung cancer cell lines were evaluated. Upregulation of miR-221 or downregulation of miR-486 promoted cell proliferation, whereas the reverse processes inhibited cell proliferation (Fig. 4B).

The effects of miR-221 and miR-486 on cell migration and invasion were also studied. Transfection with miR-221 mimic or miR-486 inhibitor significantly enhanced cell migration; however, transfection with miR-221 inhibitor or miR-486 mimic did not affect cell migration (Fig. 5A and B). Consistent with these findings, the results of a Matrigel invasion assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR-221 or knockdown of miR-486 strengthened the invasive capacity of the cells (Fig. 5C).

Figure 5 Upregulation of miR-221 or downregulation of miR-486 promotes cell migration and invasion. (A) Wound healing assay and (B) Transwell migration assay were used to measure cell migratory capacity. (C) Transwell invasion assay was used to measure cell invasive capacity. Magnification, ×200. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. miR, microRNA; NC, negative control.

Discussion

Due to the lack of reliable biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of malignancy, the identification of biomarkers is of great importance. The serum expression of miRNAs was initially described by Chim et al (21); subsequently, miRNAs have been demonstrated to tolerate degradation, freezing, thawing and extreme pH conditions (22,23). In 2008, it was reported that miRNAs may be considered a novel class of cancer biomarkers (22,24). At present, the use of miRNAs has been widely reported in cancer diagnosis, clinical characteristics, individualized treatment and prognosis (8,9,25,26).

NSCLC is a heterogeneous disease. The current standard of treatment for patients with advanced or stage IV NSCLC is 4–6 cycles of chemotherapy, which is followed by maintenance therapy in a subgroup of patients without progression. Analysis of the clinical characteristics of patients with lung cancer, including patient age, and the number, size and location of metastatic sites, may have reached the limit of its usefulness for predicting outcomes; therefore, molecular biomarkers may add value to this analysis. The ability to more accurately identify subgroups of patients may refine prognostic models and lead to more personalized lung cancer treatments. This advancement may help determine which groups of patients require more aggressive therapy, such as 6 cycles of chemotherapy plus maintenance therapy.

The present study reproducibly validated previously identified early stage NSCLC prognosis-associated miRNAs using an RT-qPCR analysis. These miRNAs were previously revealed to be associated with the PFS and OS of patients with early stage NSCLC. miR-137, miR-372, miR-182, miR-221 and let-7a were tested in quick-frozen tissue samples from surgery (14), and miR-486, miR-30d, miR-1 and miR-499 were tested in serum (15). All of the specimens were obtained from patients with stage I–III NSCLC. In the present study, these miRNAs were detected in serum obtained from patients with advanced stage NSCLC. Subsequently, the PFS-associated serum miRNAs were detected in fresh tissue samples, in order to analyze the correlation between the expression of these miRNAs in serum and tissue.

It has been definitively demonstrated that the functions of genes are not isolated. Function-related genes may have similar expression profiles, and biological functions result from cooperation between genes. In addition, gene expression levels exhibit space-time specificity; therefore, a gene expression signature appears to be more suitable as a prognostic factor than a single biomarker.

In the serum miRNA analysis, a risk score formula was constructed using a Cox regression analysis and its predictive function was validated using cross-validation methods. Therefore, the PFS-associated miRNA expression level was transformed into a calculable risk score, which may have clinical application value. Repeated validation and distensible specimen detection are the key steps during biomarker identification. In the present analysis, an elementary validation was performed to establish a miRNA signature as a prognostic factor.

From the risk score formula, it was revealed that miR-1 and miR-486 exerted protective effects, whereas miR-30d and miR-221 were risk factors. miR-1 has previously been reported to act as a tumor suppressor by reducing migration and invasion, thus inhibiting growth in NSCLC (27) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (28). In addition, miR-486 is downregulated in the plasma and tissues of patients with NSCLC (29). A similar function for miR-486 has been reported in gastric carcinoma (30). The expression levels of miR-30d have been reported to be dysregulated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (31) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to a study by Yao et al (32), the increased expression levels of miR-30d enhanced cell migration and invasion in HCC. Furthermore, Li et al (33) reported that miR-30d overexpression significantly increased cell growth, thus acting as an oncomir. Regarded as a novel family of oncogenes, the overexpression of miR-221 may contribute to the oncogenesis and progression of prostate carcinoma (34,35), and its overexpression is associated with tumor multifocality and reduced time to recurrence after surgery in HCC (36).

In the aforementioned studies regarding early stage NSCLC specimens, miR-137, miR-182 and miR-372 tissue levels, but not serum levels, were reported to be associated with prognosis; and the same phenomenon was observed during serum detection in the present study. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that there are some differences in miRNA secretion. Since the majority of circulating miRNAs are released by cells, the authors of the present study are convinced that there is a connection between tissue expression and circulating miRNAs. There are three hypotheses regarding the release of miRNAs into the circulation: They may be released directly, packed into microparticles, or packed into exosomes (37). Indeed, the majority of previous studies have demonstrated the same trend of differences between circulating and tissue miRNAs. However, a different trend has also been observed. Wulfken et al (38) reported that only 36 of 109 high-level serum miRNAs were upregulated in tissues. Furthermore, Pigati et al (39) demonstrated that only 66% of extracellular miRNAs closely reflected cellular miRNAs, according to a miRNA microarray analysis. miR-544 expression was downregulated in serum but showed only a weak positive correlation with tissue expression (40). In the present study, miR-221 and miR-486 exhibited a significant correlation between serum and tissue levels. Conversely, miR-1 was detected as a risk factor in serum, but not in tissues. The correlation between serum and tissue miRNAs supports the hypothesis that circulating miRNAs can serve as a monitor for malignant lesions. Notably, because of the simplicity and reproducibility of obtaining blood samples, noninvasive, easily testable serum miRNAs may serve as a more promising biomarker for lung cancer prognosis.

Through the correlation analysis, the present study demonstrated that two miRNAs were relevant in both the cell environment and the non-cell environment. This finding provided the theoretical foundation for an in vitro study. In relation to PFS, which represents short-term survival, the proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities were studied in cell lines. It was observed that miR-221 was identified as an oncogenic risk factor, whereas miR-486 exerted protective effects against cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

In conclusion, the present study identified a four-miRNA signature that independently contributed to PFS in patients with advanced NSCLC. The serum expression levels of miR-221 and miR-486 were positively correlated with those in tissue. Furthermore, the roles of miR-221 and miR-486 were verified in vitro.

Acknowledgments

The present study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 81101690) and the major program of Hubei Provincial Health Department (grant no. JX6A02).

References