Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
December-2015 Volume 34 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2015 Volume 34 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Junjie Miao
    • Yilin Jiang
    • Dongliang Wang
    • Jingru Zhou
    • Cungang Fan
    • Feng Jiao
    • Bo Liu
    • Jun Zhang
    • Yangshuo Wang
    • Qingjun Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Miao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2845-2852
    |
    Published online on: September 18, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4290
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Studies have indicated that trichosanthin (TCS), a bioactive protein extracted and purified from the tuberous root of Trichosanthes kirilowii (a well‑known traditional Chinese medicinal plant), produces antitumor effects on various types of cancer cells. However, the effects of TCS on glioma cells are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effects of TCS on the U87 and U251 cell lines. The in vitro effects of TCS on these two cell lines were determined using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 (CCK‑8) assay, Annexin V‑FITC staining, DAPI staining, Transwell assays, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end‑labeling (TUNEL) assays, 5,5',6,6'‑tetrachloro‑1,1',3,3'‑tetraethyl‑imidacarbocyanine iodide (JC‑1) staining and western blotting, which was utilized to assess the expression of leucine‑rich repeat‑containing G protein‑coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) and key proteins in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. Our data indicated that TCS inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner and played a role in inhibiting glioma cell invasion and migration. Additional investigation revealed that the expression levels of LGR5 and of key proteins in the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway were markedly decreased after TCS treatment. The results suggest that TCS may induce apoptosis in glioma cells by targeting LGR5 and repressing the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway. In the future, in vivo experiments should be conducted to examine the potential use of this compound as a novel therapeutic agent for gliomas.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Jansen M, Yip S and Louis DN: Molecular pathology in adult gliomas: Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive markers. Lancet Neurol. 9:717–726. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Wen PY and Kesari S: Malignant gliomas in adults. N Engl J Med. 359:492–507. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Fortin Ensign SP, Mathews IT, Symons MH, Berens ME and Tran NL: Implications of Rho GTPase signaling in glioma cell invasion and tumor progression. Front Oncol. 3:2412013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Maraganore JM, Joseph M and Bailey MC: Purification and characterization of trichosanthin. Homology to the ricin A chain and implications as to mechanism of abortifacient activity. J Biol Chem. 262:11628–11633. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Zhang XJ and Wang JH: Homology of trichosanthin and ricin A chain. Nature. 321:477–478. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Sha O, Niu J, Ng TB, Cho EY, Fu X and Jiang W: Antitumor action of trichosanthin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein, employed in traditional Chinese medicine: A mini review. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 71:1387–1393. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zhang CY, Gong YX, Ma H, An CC and Chen DY: Trichosanthin induced calcium-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in human choriocarcinoma cells. Analyst. 125:1539–1542. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Zhang C, Gong Y, Ma H, An C, Chen D and Chen ZL: Reactive oxygen species involved in trichosanthin-induced apoptosis of human choriocarcinoma cells. Biochem J. 355:653–661. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wang P, Chen LL, Yan H and Li JC: Trichosanthin suppresses HeLa cell proliferation through inhibition of the PKC/MAPK signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol. 25:479–488. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Wang P, Xu S, Zhao K, Xiao B and Guo J: Increase in cytosolic calcium maintains plasma membrane integrity through the formation of microtubule ring structure in apoptotic cervical cancer cells induced by trichosanthin. Cell Biol Int. 33:1149–1154. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Cui L, Song J, Wu L, Huang L, Wang Y, Huang Y, Yu H, Huang Y, You CC and Ye J: Smac is another pathway in the anti-tumour activity of trichosanthin and reverses trichosanthin resistance in CaSki cervical cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 69:119–124. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Dou CM and Li JC: Effect of extracts of trichosanthes root tubers on HepA-H cells and HeLa cells. World J Gastroenterol. 10:2091–2094. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Fang EF, Zhang CZ, Zhang L, Wong JH, Chan YS, Pan WL, Dan XL, Yin CM, Cho CH and Ng TB: Trichosanthin inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation in both cell lines and nude mice by promotion of apoptosis. PLoS One. 7:e415922012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Zheng YT, Zhang WF, Ben KL and Wang JH: In vitro immuno-toxicity and cytotoxicity of trichosanthin against human normal immunocytes and leukemia-lymphoma cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 17:69–79. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Li J, Xia X, Ke Y, Nie H, Smith MA and Zhu X: Trichosanthin induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells via mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1770:1169–1180. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Li J, Xia X, Nie H, Smith MA and Zhu X: PKC inhibition is involved in trichosanthin-induced apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1770:63–70. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Byers VS, Levin AS, Malvino A, Waites L, Robins RA and Baldwin RW: A phase II study of effect of addition of trichosanthin to zidovudine in patients with HIV disease and failing antiretroviral agents. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 10:413–420. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

McGrath MS, Hwang KM, Caldwell SE, Gaston I, Luk KC, Wu P, Ng VL, Crowe S, Daniels J and Marsh J: GLQ223: An inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in acutely and chronically infected cells of lymphocyte and mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:2844–2848. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Yang N, Li Z, Jiao Z, Gu P, Zhou Y, Lu L and Chou KY: A Trichosanthin-derived peptide suppresses type 1 immune responses by TLR2-dependent activation of CD8(+)CD28(−) Tregs. Clin Immunol. 153:277–287. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Tang NL, Chan WL, Ke YO, Mak MK, Lai FM and Tam SC: Acute renal failure and proximal tubule lesions after trichosanthin injection in rats. Exp Mol Pathol. 64:78–89. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Li F, Mei Y, Wang Y, Chen C, Tu J, Xiao B and Xu L: Trichosanthin inhibits antigen-specific T cell expansion through nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis pathway. Cell Immunol. 234:23–30. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ng TB, Liu WK, Tsao SW and Yeung HW: Effect of trichosanthin and momorcharins on isolated rat hepatocytes. J Ethnopharmacol. 3:81–87. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Garcia PA, Bredesen DE, Vinters HV, Graefin von Einsiedel R, Williams RL, Kahn JO, Byers VS, Levin AS, Waites LA and Messing RO: Neurological reactions in HIV-infected patients treated with trichosanthin. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 19:402–405. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ng TB, Kwong WH and Yeung HW: Intravenous injections of the ribosome inactivating protein trichosanthin did not affect methionine enkephalin and β-endorphin levels in the mouse brain and pituitary. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 39:985–989. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Rot S, Taubert H, Bache M, Greither T, Würl P, Eckert AW, Schubert J, Vordermark D and Kappler M: A novel splice variant of the stem cell marker LGR5/GPR49 is correlated with the risk of tumor-related death in soft-tissue sarcoma patients. BMC Cancer. 11:4292011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Stewart LA: Chemotherapy in adult high-grade glioma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 12 randomised trials. Lancet. 359:1011–1018. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Bleehen NM and Stenning SP: The Medical Research Council Brain Tumour Working Party: A Medical Research Council trial of two radiotherapy doses in the treatment of grades 3 and 4 astrocytoma. Br J Cancer. 64:769–774. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hsu SY, Liang SG and Hsueh AJ: Characterization of two LGR genes homologous to gonadotropin and thyrotropin receptors with extracellular leucine-rich repeats and a G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane region. Mol Endocrinol. 12:1830–1845. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hsu SY, Kudo M, Chen T, Nakabayashi K, Bhalla A, van der Spek PJ, van Duin M and Hsueh AJ: The three subfamilies of leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptors (LGR): Identification of LGR6 and LGR7 and the signaling mechanism for LGR7. Mol Endocrinol. 14:1257–1271. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Barker N and Clevers H: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors as markers of adult stem cells. Gastroenterology. 138:1681–1696. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

McClanahan T, Koseoglu S, Smith K, Grein J, Gustafson E, Black S, Kirschmeier P and Samatar AA: Identification of overexpression of orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR49 in human colon and ovarian primary tumors. Cancer Biol Ther. 5:419–426. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Scannell CA, Pedersen EA, Mosher JT, Krook MA, Nicholls LA, Wilky BA, Loeb DM and Lawlor ER: LGR5 is expressed by Ewing sarcoma and potentiates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Front Oncol. 3:812013. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Nakata S, Campos B, Bageritz J, Bermejo JL, Becker N, Engel F, Acker T, Momma S, Herold-Mende C, Lichter P, et al: LGR5 is a marker of poor prognosis in glioblastoma and is required for survival of brain cancer stem-like cells. Brain Pathol. 23:60–72. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Sun P, Miao J and Zhang Q: Knockdown of LGR5 suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep. 31:41–49. 2014.

35 

Wend P, Holland JD, Ziebold U and Birchmeier W: Wnt signaling in stem and cancer stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 21:855–863. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Glinka A, Dolde C, Kirsch N, Huang YL, Kazanskaya O, Ingelfinger D, Boutros M, Cruciat CM and Niehrs C: LGR4 and LGR5 are R-spondin receptors mediating Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signalling. EMBO Rep. 12:1055–1061. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Anna CH, Iida M, Sills RC and Devereux TR: Expression of potential beta-catenin targets, cyclin D1, c-Jun, c-Myc, E-cadherin, and EGFR in chemically induced hepatocellular neoplasms from B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 190:135–145. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Hsu HC, Liu YS, Tseng KC, Tan BC, Chen SJ and Chen HC: LGR5 regulates survival through mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and by targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Signal. 26:2333–2342. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Miao J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, et al: Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 34: 2845-2852, 2015.
APA
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F. ... Zhang, Q. (2015). Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncology Reports, 34, 2845-2852. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4290
MLA
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F., Liu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q."Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34.6 (2015): 2845-2852.
Chicago
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F., Liu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q."Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34, no. 6 (2015): 2845-2852. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4290
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Miao J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Zhou J, Fan C, Jiao F, Liu B, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Q, et al: Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 34: 2845-2852, 2015.
APA
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F. ... Zhang, Q. (2015). Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncology Reports, 34, 2845-2852. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4290
MLA
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F., Liu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q."Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34.6 (2015): 2845-2852.
Chicago
Miao, J., Jiang, Y., Wang, D., Zhou, J., Fan, C., Jiao, F., Liu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q."Trichosanthin suppresses the proliferation of glioma cells by inhibiting LGR5 expression and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway". Oncology Reports 34, no. 6 (2015): 2845-2852. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4290
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team