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Review Open Access

Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Ahmad Alhowail
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Copyright: © Alhowail et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 398
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    Published online on: March 25, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037
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Abstract

The health risks of nicotine are well known, but there is some evidence of its beneficial effects on cognitive function. The present review focused on the reported benefits of nicotine in the brain and summarizes the associated underlying mechanisms. Nicotine administration can improve cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and dyskinesia and memory impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD). In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the progression of PD by inhibiting Sirtuin 6, a stress‑responsive protein deacetylase, thereby decreasing neuronal apoptosis and improving neuronal survival. In AD, nicotine improves cognitive impairment by enhancing protein kinase B (also referred to as Akt) activity and stimulating phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling, which regulates learning and memory processes. Nicotine may also activate thyroid receptor signaling pathways to improve memory impairment caused by hypothyroidism. In healthy individuals, nicotine improves memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation by enhancing the phosphorylation of calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, nicotine may improve memory function through its effect on chromatin modification via the inhibition of histone deacetylases, which causes transcriptional changes in memory‑related genes. Finally, nicotine administration has been demonstrated to rescue long‑term potentiation in individuals with sleep deprivation, AD, chronic stress and hypothyroidism, primarily by desensitizing α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. To conclude, nicotine has several cognitive benefits in healthy individuals, as well as in those with cognitive dysfunction associated with various diseases. However, further research is required to shed light on the effect of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on memory function.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Alhowail A: Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review). Mol Med Rep 23: 398, 2021.
APA
Alhowail, A. (2021). Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 398. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037
MLA
Alhowail, A."Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.6 (2021): 398.
Chicago
Alhowail, A."Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 6 (2021): 398. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Alhowail A: Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review). Mol Med Rep 23: 398, 2021.
APA
Alhowail, A. (2021). Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 398. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037
MLA
Alhowail, A."Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.6 (2021): 398.
Chicago
Alhowail, A."Molecular insights into the benefits of nicotine on memory and cognition (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 6 (2021): 398. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12037
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