Statins are potential anticancerous agents (Review)
- Authors:
- Abdullah K. Altwairgi
-
Affiliations: Comprehensive Cancer Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia - Published online on: January 20, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.3741
- Pages: 1019-1039
This article is mentioned in:
Abstract
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, et al: GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 (Internet). Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013, Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. Accessed. | |
Kanu OO, Mehta A, Di C, Lin N, et al: Glioblastoma multiforme: a review of therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 13:701–718. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Goldstein JL and Brown MS: Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature. 343:425–430. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gazzerro P, Proto MC, Gangemi G, et al: Pharmacological actions of statins: a critical appraisal in the management of cancer. Pharmacol Rev. 64:102–146. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Chan KK, Oza AM and Siu LL: The statins as anticancer agents. Clin Cancer Res. 9:10–19. 2003.PubMed/NCBI | |
Baserga R: Molecular biology of the cell cycle. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med. 49:219–226. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tapia-Pérez JH, Kirches E, Mawrin C, Firsching R and Schneider T: Cytotoxic effect of different statins and thiazolidinediones on malignant glioma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 67:1193–1201. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Rao S, Lowe M, Herliczek TW and Keyomarsi K: Lovastatin mediated G1 arrest in normal and tumor breast cells is through inhibition of CDK2 activity and redistribution of p21 and p27, independent of p53. Oncogene. 17:2393–2402. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Collisson EA, Kleer C, Wu M, et al: Atorvastatin prevents RhoC isoprenylation, invasion, and metastasis in human melanoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2:941–948. 2003.PubMed/NCBI | |
Agarwal B, Bhendwal S, Halmos B, Moss SF, Ramey WG and Holt PR: Lovastatin augments apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents in colon cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 5:2223–2229. 1999.PubMed/NCBI | |
Marcelli M, Cunningham GR, Haidacher SJ, et al: Caspase-7 is activated during lovastatin-induced apoptosis of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res. 58:76–83. 1998.PubMed/NCBI | |
Koyuturk M, Ersoz M and Altiok N: Simvastatin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells: p53 and estrogen receptor independent pathway requiring signalling through JNK. Cancer Lett. 250:220–228. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Baetta R, Donetti E, Comparato C, et al: Pro-apoptotic effect of atorvastatin on stimulated rabbit smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res. 36:115–121. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Wang IK, Lin-Shiau SY and Lin JK: Induction of apoptosis by lovastatin through activation of caspase-3 and DNase II in leukaemia HL-60 cells. Pharmacol Toxicol. 86:83–91. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
He Z, Mangala LS, Theriot CA, Rohde LH, Wu H and Zhang Y: Cell killing and radiosensitizing effects of atorvastatin in PC3 prostate cancer cells. J Radiat Res. 53:225–233. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Denoyelle C, Vasse M, Körner M, et al: Cerivastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibits the signaling pathways involved in the invasiveness and metastatic properties of highly invasive breast cancer cell lines: an in vitro study. Carcinogenesis. 22:1139–1148. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Bouterfa HL, Sattelmeyer V, Czub S, Vordermark D, Roosen K and Tonn JC: Inhibition of Ras farnesylation by lovastatin leads to downregulation of proliferation and migration in primary cultured human glioblastoma cells. Anticancer Res. 20:2761–2771. 2000.PubMed/NCBI | |
Schmidmaier R, Baumann P, Bumeder I, Meinhardt G, Straka C and Emmerich B: First clinical experience with simvastatin to overcome drug resistance in refractory multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol. 79:240–243. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Sondergaard TE, Pedersen PT, Andersen TL, et al: A phase II clinical trial does not show that high dose simvastatin has beneficial effect on markers of bone turnover in multiple myeloma. Hematol Oncol. 27:17–22. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bjarnadottir O, Romero Q, Bendahl PO, et al: Targeting HMG-CoA reductase with statins in a window-of-opportunity breast cancer trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 138:499–508. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Garwood ER, Kumar AS, Baehner FL, et al: Fluvastatin reduces proliferation and increases apoptosis in women with high grade breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 119:137–144. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Inano H, Suzuki K, Onoda M and Wakabayashi K: Anti-carcinogenic activity of simvastatin during the promotion phase of radiation-induced mammary tumorigenesis of rats. Carcinogenesis. 18:1723–1727. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Narisawa T, Fukaura Y, Tanida N, Hasebe M, Ito M and Aizawa R: Chemopreventive efficacy of low dose of pravastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in ICR mice. Tohoku J Exp Med. 180:131–138. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Narisawa T, Morotomi M, Fukaura Y, Hasebe M, Ito M and Aizawa R: Chemoprevention by pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Jpn J Cancer Res. 87:798–804. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Clutterbuck RD, Millar BC, Powles RL, et al: Inhibitory effect of simvastatin on the proliferation of human myeloid leukaemia cells in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Br J Haematol. 102:522–527. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kikuchi T, Nagata Y and Abe T: In vitro and in vivo antiproliferative effects of simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on human glioma cells. J Neurooncol. 34:233–239. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hawk MA, Cesen KT, Siglin JC, Stoner GD and Ruch RJ: Inhibition of lung tumor cell growth in vitro and mouse lung tumor formation by lovastatin. Cancer Lett. 109:217–222. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Matar P, Rozados VR, Binda MM, Roggero EA, Bonfil RD and Scharovsky OG: Inhibitory effect of lovastatin on spontaneous metastases derived from a rat lymphoma. Clin Exp Metastasis. 17:19–25. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Matar P, Rozados VR, Roggero EA and Scharovsky OG: Lovastatin inhibits tumor growth and metastasis development of a rat fibrosarcoma. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 13:387–393. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Alonso DF, Farina HG, Skilton G, Gabri MR, De Lorenzo MS and Gomez DE: Reduction of mouse mammary tumor formation and metastasis by lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol synthesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 50:83–93. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Broitman SA, Wilkinson JT IV, Cerda S and Branch SK: Effects of monoterpenes and mevinolin on murine colon tumor CT-26 in vitro and its hepatic ‘metastases’ in vivo. Adv Exp Med Biol. 401:111–130. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Jani JP, Specht S, Stemmler N, et al: Metastasis of B16F10 mouse melanoma inhibited by lovastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Invasion Metastasis. 13:314–324. 1993.PubMed/NCBI | |
Feleszko W, Mlynarczuk I, Balkowiec-Iskra EZ, et al: Lovastatin potentiates antitumor activity and attenuates cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin in three tumor models in mice. Clin Cancer Res. 6:2044–2052. 2000.PubMed/NCBI | |
Feleszko W, Bałkowiec EZ, Sieberth E, et al: Lovastatin and tumor necrosis factor-α exhibit potentiated antitumor effects against Ha-ras-transformed murine tumor via inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Int J Cancer. 81:560–567. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mucci LA and Stampfer MJ: Mounting evidence for prediagnostic use of statins in reducing risk of lethal prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 32:1–2. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Platz EA, Leitzmann MF, Visvanathan K, et al: Statin drugs and risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98:1819–1825. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Jespersen CG, Norgaard M, Friis S, Skriver C and Borre M: Statin use and risk of prostate cancer: a Danish population-based case-control study, 1997–2010. Cancer Epidemiol. 38:42–47. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yu O, Eberg M, Benayoun S, et al: Use of statins and the risk of death in patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 32:5–11. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Geybels MS, Wright JL, Holt SK, Kolb S, Feng Z and Stanford JL: Statin use in relation to prostate cancer outcomes in a population-based patient cohort study. Prostate. 73:1214–1222. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ferris JS, McCoy L, Neugut AI, Wrensch M and Lai R: HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, NSAIDs and risk of glioma. Int J Cancer. 131:E1031–E1037. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gaist D, Andersen L, Hallas J, Sørensen HT, Schroder HD and Friis S: Use of statins and risk of glioma: a nationwide case-control study in Denmark. Br J Cancer. 108:715–720. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tsibouris P, Vlachou E and Isaacs PE: Role of chemoprophylaxis with either NSAIDs or statins in patients with Barrett’s esophagus. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 5:27–39. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Singh S, Singh AG, Singh PP, Murad MH and Iyer PG: Statins are associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer, particularly in patients with Barrett’s esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11:620–629. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Beales IL, Hensley A and Loke Y: Reduced esophageal cancer incidence in statin users, particularly with cyclo-oxygenase inhibition. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 4:69–79. 2013.PubMed/NCBI | |
Wu XD, Zeng K, Xue FQ, Chen JH and Chen YQ: Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 69:1855–1860. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lytras T, Nikolopoulos G and Bonovas S: Statins and the risk of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 studies. World J Gastroenterol. 20:1858–1870. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Brewer TM, Masuda H, Liu DD, et al: Statin use in primary inflammatory breast cancer: a cohort study. Br J Cancer. 109:318–324. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
McDougall JA, Malone KE, Daling JR, Cushing-Haugen KL, Porter PL and Li CI: Long-term statin use and risk of ductal and lobular breast cancer among women 55 to 74 years of age. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 22:1529–1537. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Undela K, Srikanth V and Bansal D: Statin use and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 135:261–269. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lavie O, Pinchev M, Rennert HS, Segev Y and Rennert G: The effect of statins on risk and survival of gynecological malignancies. Gynecol Oncol. 130:615–619. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liu W, Choueiri TK and Cho E: Statin use and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in 2 prospective US cohorts. Cancer. 118:797–803. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Singh S, Singh PP, Singh AG, Murad MH and Sanchez W: Statins are associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 144:323–332. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Pradelli D, Soranna D, Scotti L, et al: Statins and primary liver cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev. 22:229–234. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bonovas S, Filioussi K and Sitaras NM: Statins are not associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer at the population level, when taken at low doses for managing hyper-cholesterolemia: evidence from a meta-analysis of 12 studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 103:2646–2651. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Cui X, Xie Y, Chen M, et al: Statin use and risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 23:1099–1111. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Deng Z, Zhang S, Yi L and Chen S: Can statins reduce risk of lung cancer, especially among elderly people? A meta-analysis. Chin J Cancer Res. 25:679–688. 2013. | |
Tan M, Song X, Zhang G, et al: Statins and the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 8:e573492013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Li X, Wu XB and Chen Q: Statin use is not associated with reduced risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 110:802–807. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
da Silva RD, Xylinas E, Kluth L, et al: Impact of statin use on oncologic outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy. J Urol. 190:487–492. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zhang XL, Geng J, Zhang XP, et al: Statin use and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 24:769–776. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chan TF, Wu CH, Lin CL and Yang CY: Statin use and the risk of breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 13:287–293. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chan TF, Chiu HF, Wu CH, Lin CL and Yang CY: Statin use and the risk of esophageal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 12:293–298. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kuo CC, Chiu HF, Lee IM, Kuo HW, Lee CT and Yang CY: Statin use and the risk of bladder cancer: a population-based case-control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11:733–738. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chiu HF, Kuo CC, Kuo HW, Lee IM, Lee CT and Yang CY: Statin use and the risk of kidney cancer: a population-based case-control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11:543–549. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Ho SC and Yang CY: Statin use and the risk of female lung cancer: a population-based case-control study. Lung Cancer. 75:275–279. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Nielsen SF, Nordestgaard BG and Bojesen SE: Statin use and reduced cancer-related mortality. N Engl J Med. 367:1792–1802. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Emberson JR, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, et al: Lack of effect of lowering LDL cholesterol on cancer: meta-analysis of individual data from 175,000 people in 27 randomised trials of statin therapy. PLoS One. 7:e298492012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Larner J, Jane J, Laws E, Packer R, Myers C and Shaffrey M: A phase I–II trial of lovastatin for anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Am J Clin Oncol. 21:579–583. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Thibault A, Samid D, Tompkins AC, et al: Phase I study of lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, in patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2:483–491. 1996.PubMed/NCBI | |
Hus M, Grzasko N, Szostek M, et al: Thalidomide, dexamethasone and lovastatin with autologous stem cell transplantation as a salvage immunomodulatory therapy in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 90:1161–1166. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lee J, Jung KH, Park YS, et al: Simvastatin plus irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) as first-line chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal patients: a multicenter phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 64:657–663. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Han JY, Lee SH, Yoo NJ, et al: A randomized phase II study of gefitinib plus simvastatin versus gefitinib alone in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 17:1553–1560. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Hong JY, Nam EM, Lee J, et al: Randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase II trial of simvastatin and gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 73:125–130. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Limburg PJ, Mahoney MR, Ziegler KL, et al: Randomized phase II trial of sulindac, atorvastatin, and prebiotic dietary fiber for colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res. 4:259–269. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Manoukian GE, Tannir NM, Jonasch E, Qiao W, Haygood TM and Tu SM: Pilot trial of bone-targeted therapy combining zoledronate with fluvastatin or atorvastatin for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 9:81–88. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
López-Aguilar E, Sepúlveda-Vildósola AC, Betanzos-Cabrera Y, et al: Phase II study of metronomic chemotherapy with thalidomide, carboplatin-vincristine-fluvastatin in the treatment of brain stem tumors in children. Arch Med Res. 39:655–662. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kornblau SM, Banker DE, Stirewalt D, et al: Blockade of adaptive defensive changes in cholesterol uptake and synthesis in AML by the addition of pravastatin to idarubicin + high-dose Ara-C: a phase 1 study. Blood. 109:2999–3006. 2007. | |
Graf H, Jüngst C, Straub G, et al: Chemoembolization combined with pravastatin improves survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Digestion. 78:34–38. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Konings IR, van der Gaast A, van der Wijk LJ, de Jongh FE, Eskens FA and Sleijfer S: The addition of pravastatin to chemotherapy in advanced gastric carcinoma: a randomised phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 46:3200–3204. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
McKenna WG, Weiss MC, Bakanauskas VJ, et al: The role of the H-ras oncogene in radiation resistance and metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 18:849–859. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Miller AC, Kariko K, Myers CE, Clark EP and Samid D: Increased radioresistance of EJras-transformed human osteo-sarcoma cells and its modulation by lovastatin, an inhibitor of p21ras isoprenylation. Int J Cancer. 53:302–307. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Rozados VR, Hinrichsen LI, McDonnell J and Scharovsky OG: Lovastatin enhances in vitro radiation-induced apoptosis of rat B-cell lymphoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 24:55–61. 2005.PubMed/NCBI | |
Butt S, Butt T, Jirström K, et al: The target for statins, HMG-CoA reductase, is expressed in ductal carcinoma-in situ and may predict patient response to radiotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol. 21:2911–2919. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Mace AG, Gantt GA, Skacel M, Pai R, Hammel JP and Kalady MF: Statin therapy is associated with improved pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 56:1217–1227. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Werner M, Sacher J and Hohenegger M: Mutual amplification of apoptosis by statin-induced mitochondrial stress and doxorubicin toxicity in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Br J Pharmacol. 143:715–724. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Holstein SA and Hohl RJ: Interaction of cytosine arabinoside and lovastatin in human leukemia cells. Leuk Res. 25:651–660. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lishner M, Bar-Sef A, Elis A and Fabian I: Effect of simvastatin alone and in combination with cytosine arabinoside on the proliferation of myeloid leukemia cell lines. J Investig Med. 49:319–324. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Soma MR, Pagliarini P, Butti G, Paoletti R, Paoletti P and Fumagalli R: Simvastatin, an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, shows a synergistic effect with N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea and β-interferon on human glioma cells. Cancer Res. 52:4348–4355. 1992.PubMed/NCBI | |
Wang W, Collie-Duguid E and Cassidy J: Cerivastatin enhances the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil on chemosensitive and resistant colorectal cancer cell lines. FEBS Lett. 531:415–420. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Katz MS, Minsky BD, Saltz LB, Riedel E, Chessin DB and Guillem JG: Association of statin use with a pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 62:1363–1370. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Brennan DJ, Brandstedt J, Rexhepaj E, et al: Tumour-specific HMG-CoAR is an independent predictor of recurrence free survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. BMC Cancer. 10:1252010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lipkin SM, Chao EC, Moreno V, et al: Genetic variation in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase modifies the chemo-preventive activity of statins for colorectal cancer. Cancer Prev Res. 3:597–603. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Yu CY, Theusch E, Lo K, et al: HNRNPA1 regulates HMGCR alternative splicing and modulates cellular cholesterol metabolism. Hum Mol Genet. 23:319–332. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Sławińska-Brych A, Zdzisińska B and Kandefer-Szerszeń M: Fluvastatin inhibits growth and alters the malignant phenotype of the C6 glioma cell line. Pharmacol Rep. 66:121–129. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Yongjun Y, Shuyun H, Lei C, Xiangrong C, Zhilin Y and Yiquan K: Atorvastatin suppresses glioma invasion and migration by reducing microglial MT1-MMP expression. J Neuroimmunol. 260:1–8. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Crosbie J, Magnussen M, Dornbier R, Iannone A and Steele TA: Statins inhibit proliferation and cytotoxicity of a human leukemic natural killer cell line. Biomark Res. 1:332013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Al-Haidari AA, Syk I and Thorlacius H: HMG-CoA reductase regulates CCL17-induced colon cancer cell migration via geranylgeranylation and RhoA activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 446:68–72. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Ishikawa S, Hayashi H, Kinoshita K, et al: Statins inhibit tumor progression via an enhancer of zeste homolog 2-mediated epigenetic alteration in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 135:2528–2536. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : | |
Chang HL, Chen CY, Hsu YF, et al: Simvastatin induced HCT116 colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through p38MAPK-p53-survivin signaling cascade. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1830:4053–4064. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Rentala S, Chintala R, Guda M, Chintala M, Komarraju AL and Mangamoori LN: Atorvastatin inhibited Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated adhesion and differentiation of CD133+CD44+ prostate cancer stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 441:586–592. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Peng X, Li W, Yuan L, Mehta RG, Kopelovich L and McCormick DL: Inhibition of proliferation and induction of autophagy by atorvastatin in PC3 prostate cancer cells correlate with downregulation of Bcl2 and upregulation of miR-182 and p21. PLoS One. 8:e704422013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Al-Husein B, Goc A and Somanath PR: Suppression of interactions between prostate tumor cell-surface integrin and endothelial ICAM-1 by simvastatin inhibits micrometastasis. J Cell Physiol. 228:2139–2148. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Fang Z, Tang Y, Fang J, et al: Simvastatin inhibits renal cancer cell growth and metastasis via AKT/mTOR, ERK and JAK2/STAT3 pathway. PLoS One. 8:e628232013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Islam M, Sharma S, Kumar B and Teknos TN: Atorvastatin inhibits RhoC function and limits head and neck cancer metastasis. Oral Oncol. 49:778–786. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Yu X, Pan Y, Ma H and Li W: Simvastatin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Oncol Res. 20:351–357. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Pelaia G, Gallelli L, Renda T, et al: Effects of statins and farnesyl transferase inhibitors on ERK phosphorylation, apoptosis and cell viability in non-small lung cancer cells. Cell Prolif. 45:557–565. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Chen J, Liu B, Yuan J, et al: Atorvastatin reduces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mol Oncol. 6:62–72. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Guterres FA, Martinez GR, Rocha ME and Winnischofer SM: Simvastatin rises reactive oxygen species levels and induces senescence in human melanoma cells by activation of p53/p21 pathway. Exp Cell Res. 319:2977–2988. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Pich C, Teiti I, Rochaix P, et al: Statins reduce melanoma development and metastasis through MICA overexpression. Front Immunol. 4:622013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Gopalan A, Yu W, Sanders BG and Kline K: Simvastatin inhibition of mevalonate pathway induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells via activation of JNK/CHOP/DR5 signaling pathway. Cancer Lett. 329:9–16. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Park YH, Jung HH, Ahn JS and Im YH: Statin induces inhibition of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via PI3K pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 439:275–279. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zhao Z, Cao X, Pan Y, Sha S, Zhao T and Zhang T: Simvastatin downregulates HER2 via upregulation of PEA3 to induce cell death in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Oncol Res. 20:187–195. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Qi XF, Zheng L, Lee KJ, et al: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptosis of lymphoma cells by promoting ROS generation and regulating Akt, Erk and p38 signals via suppression of mevalonate pathway. Cell Death Dis. 4:e5182013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Zeng M, Gu WY, Jiang TX, et al: Effects of simvastatin on PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line SHI-1. Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi. 20:268–272. 2012.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI | |
Yang SS, Li R, Qu X, Fang W and Quan Z: Atorvastatin decreases Toll-like receptor 4 expression and downstream signaling in human monocytic leukemia cells. Cell Immunol. 279:96–102. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Shi J, Zhu J, Zhao H, Zhong C, Xu Z and Yao F: Mevalonate pathway is a therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 34:429–435. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Ma L, Niknejad N, Gorn-Hondermann I, Dayekh K and Dimitroulakos J: Lovastatin induces multiple stress pathways including LKB1/AMPK activation that regulate its cytotoxic effects in squamous cell carcinoma cells. PLoS One. 7:e460552012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Tu YS, Kang XL, Zhou JG, Lv XF, Tang YB and Guan YY: Involvement of Chk1-Cdc25A-cyclin A/CDK2 pathway in simvastatin induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 670:356–364. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Araki M, Maeda M and Motojima K: Hydrophobic statins induce autophagy and cell death in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells by depleting geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Eur J Pharmacol. 674:95–103. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Liu H, Wang Z, Li Y, Li W and Chen Y: Simvastatin prevents proliferation and bone metastases of lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Neoplasma. 60:240–246. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Liao J, Chung YT, Yang AL, et al: Atorvastatin inhibits pancreatic carcinogenesis and increases survival in LSL-KrasG12D-LSL-Trp53R172H-Pdx1-Cre mice. Mol Carcinog. 52:739–750. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Vitols S, Angelin B and Juliusson G: Simvastatin impairs mitogen-induced proliferation of malignant B-lymphocytes from humans - in vitro and in vivo studies. Lipids. 32:255–262. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Higgins MJ, Prowell TM, Blackford AL, et al: A short-term biomarker modulation study of simvastatin in women at increased risk of a new breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 131:915–924. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar | |
Bansal D, Undela K, D’Cruz S and Schifano F: Statin use and risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One. 7:e466912012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Park HS, Schoenfeld JD, Mailhot RB, et al: Statins and prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 24:1427–1434. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Singh PP and Singh S: Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 24:1721–1730. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
van der Spek E, Bloem AC, Sinnige HA and Lokhorst HM: High dose simvastatin does not reverse resistance to vincris-tine, adriamycin, and dexamethasone (VAD) in myeloma. Haematologica. 92:e130–e131. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Han JY, Lim KY, Yu SY, Yun T, Kim HT and Lee JS: A phase 2 study of irinotecan, cisplatin, and simvastatin for untreated extensive-disease small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 117:2178–2185. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kim WS, Kim MM, Choi HJ, et al: Phase II study of high-dose lovastatin in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 19:81–83. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lazzeroni M, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Serrano D, et al: Breast ductal lavage for biomarker assessment in high risk women: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized phase II clinical trial with nimesulide, simvastatin and placebo. BMC Cancer. 12:5752012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Kawata S, Yamasaki E, Nagase T, et al: Effect of pravastatin on survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. A randomized controlled trial. Br J Cancer. 84:886–891. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI | |
Lersch C, Schmelz R, Erdmann J, et al: Treatment of HCC with pravastatin, octreotide, or gemcitabine - a critical evaluation. Hepatogastroenterology. 51:1099–1103. 2004.PubMed/NCBI | |
Knox JJ, Siu LL, Chen E, et al: A Phase I trial of prolonged administration of lovastatin in patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or of the cervix. Eur J Cancer. 41:523–530. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI |